Cellular Adaptation

Cell membrane- controls the space they enclose, help with cellular mobility and maintain the cell’s shape. The cell membrane is the gateway into and out of the cell. Only certain sub stances are allowed to pass in or out through the membrane.  Cell membranes are made up of phospholipids and proteins.

Cells adapt to their environment to protect themselves from injury.  Cellular adaptations are common and central parts of many disease states

 

Cellular Adaptation

Atrophy:	a decrease in cell size or number, with a corresponding decrease in number and size of cellular constituents. caused by denervation, paralysied, decreased sized decreased organelles
Hypertrophy:	an increase in cell size and tissue mass, as opposed to cell number.   workout just bigger cell no new cell
Hyperplasia:	an increase in cell number, as opposed to cell size. Doesnt improve function Compensatory - allows some organs to regenerate– breast feeding Hormonal - allows some tissues (usually reproductive) to enlarge– uterus grows Pathologic - abnormal proliferation– abnormal proliferation Physiologic - can occur as a result of compensation, hormonal stimulation or increased functional demand Non-Physiologic - usually due to hormonal stimulation or effects of growth factors on target tissues.
Dysplasia or Atypical Hyperplasia	abnormal changes in cell size, shape and appearance. Minor dysplasia is associated with chronic irritation/inflammation. Dysplastic cells may be found adjacent to neoplastic (cancer) cells. As an adaptive process, dysplasia does not necessarily lead to cancer. all kind of abnormal forms not normal cells
Metaplasia	conversion of one cell type to another usually caused by chronic   inflammation/irritation and can be reversed if the irritant is removed. Continued exposure to the irritant may predispose to cellular neoplastic transformation reversable if removed, callus allowes the good ones to survive, caused by chronic infections
Neoplasia	growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated and autonomous lacking regulatory controls governing cellular growth and division. – cancer growth, uncoordinated cellular growth